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Cyber Threats

What is the Cyber Kill Chain?

What is the Cyber Kill Chain? The Cyber Kill Chain is a framework developed by Lockheed Martin that outlines the stages of a cyberattack, providing a structured approach for organizations to detect, respond to, and mitigate cyber threats. The concept originates from military doctrine, where a “kill chain” represents the steps an adversary takes to…
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What is Malicious Code?

What is Malicious Code? Malicious code, also known as malware, refers to any software or script intentionally designed to cause harm to computers, networks, or users. Unlike benign software, which serves useful purposes, malicious code operates with deceitful intent, often infiltrating systems without the user’s knowledge. It can steal, corrupt, or destroy data, compromise security,…
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What are Indicators of Compromise (IoCs)?

What are Indicators of Compromise (IoCs)? Indicators of Compromise (IoCs) are forensic artifacts or pieces of evidence that suggest a system or network has been compromised by cybercriminals. These indicators help cybersecurity professionals detect, investigate, and respond to potential security incidents before they escalate into full-blown breaches. IoCs can come in various forms, including unusual…
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Mastering Sandboxing for Cybersecurity

Introduction to Sandboxing in Cybersecurity Cybersecurity threats are becoming increasingly sophisticated, requiring innovative strategies to safeguard sensitive data and systems. One effective method is sandboxing, a technique that runs code in an isolated environment to evaluate its behavior before it interacts with a live system. This approach has become a vital tool for cybersecurity professionals,…
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What is Fileless Malware?

What is fileless malware? Fileless malware is a type of cyberattack that operates without using traditional executable files. Unlike conventional malware, which relies on stored files to infect a system, fileless malware lives in a computer’s memory (RAM) and uses legitimate system tools—such as PowerShell, Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI), or registry scripts—to execute its malicious…
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What is Scareware?

1. What is scareware, and how does it work? Scareware is a type of malicious software designed to deceive users into thinking their device is infected with malware or experiencing a critical security issue. The goal is to create panic and trick victims into taking immediate action—usually by downloading fake antivirus software, paying for unnecessary…
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What is a Pass-the-Hash Attack?

What is a Pass-the-Hash Attack? A pass-the-hash (PtH) attack is a type of cyberattack in which an attacker captures a user’s password hash and uses it to authenticate to a network or system, bypassing the need to know the actual plaintext password. Instead of cracking the hash, the attacker “passes” it directly to authenticate as…
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What is a Teardrop Attack?

What is a teardrop attack in cybersecurity? A teardrop attack is a type of Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack that exploits vulnerabilities in how operating systems handle fragmented IP packets. When large packets are transmitted over a network, they are often split into smaller fragments to accommodate network size limitations. These fragments are then reassembled at the…
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What is Polymorphic Malware?

What is polymorphic malware and how does it work? Polymorphic malware is a type of malicious software that continuously changes its code or appearance to evade detection by traditional antivirus and security tools. The term “polymorphic” stems from its ability to take on different “forms” while maintaining its core malicious functionality. Unlike static malware, which…
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What is a Packet Fragmentation Attack?

What is a packet fragmentation attack? A packet fragmentation attack is a type of network exploit where attackers deliberately manipulate the fragmentation of IP packets to bypass security controls or disrupt systems. Packet fragmentation itself is a legitimate process in networking, designed to ensure that large packets can traverse networks with smaller Maximum Transmission Units…
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What is a Watering Hole Attack?

What is a watering hole attack and how does it work? A watering hole attack is a cyberattack strategy in which hackers compromise a website or service frequently visited by their target audience. Instead of directly attacking the intended victims, attackers identify “watering holes” – websites or online platforms that specific individuals or groups commonly…
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What is Pharming?

What is pharming? Pharming is a cyberattack technique where attackers redirect users from legitimate websites to fraudulent ones, often without their knowledge, to steal sensitive information like usernames, passwords, or financial details. It manipulates the way internet traffic is directed, typically targeting the Domain Name System (DNS) or local host files. How Pharming Works: DNS…
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